![]() ![]() 11 A number of studies have demonstrated that coping is an important mediator of a person's emotional adjustment to SCI. Coping can be viewed as "a protective factor that facilitates adaptation to stressful life events”. How a person’s responds to stress/stressors is associated with coping. 4 5 8 9 "How a person’s responds to stress/stressors is associated with coping." This may be followed by other responses such as anger, sadness or even depression, anxiety and grief. 6 An early emotional reaction to SCI can be denial, a reaction that prevents a person from confronting the dramatic changes that he or she is faced with. The response to stress or various stressors vary among persons and over the course of recovery it can also fluctuate during a person's course of life. Other stressors that can also impact a person's psychological well-being include (but are not limited to) pain, fatigue, medication, isolation, medical complications, body image, dependency, feelings of helplessness and humiliation, and cognitive problems. work, obligations of family and friends, and the physical changes associated with SCI. stress stimuli or stress-producing environmental events 1 that may cause a person with SCI to experience stress include the inability to perform activities equally well as before the injury, social demands e.g. SCI is a stress-producing, life-changing event. "SCI is a stress-producing, life-changing event." Experience of Stress after SCI It also emphasises that the experience of stress depends on how the person perceives the event. This definition takes into account the personal factors of the individual who is experiencing stress as well as the nature of the stress-producing event. In consideration of available (including historical) conceptualisations of the term “stress", two pioneers of research on stress and coping, Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman defined (psychological) stress as “a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being”. The person's overall psychological well-being can be influenced not only by the stress experienced during and after the trauma, but also by his or her personal resources and coping strategies. New York: The Free Press.Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an extreme and stressful life event that can leave individuals in a state of emotional instability. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. History and present status of the stress concept. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ![]() Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. Health psychology and work stress: A more positive approach. Delivering on the Nation’s Investment in Worker Safety and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2009). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 8, 323–333. ![]() A re-evaluation of the concept of ‘non-specificity’ in stress theory. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 5, 321–333. Psychological stress and coping in adaptation and illness. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. Accessed 27 June 2011.įolkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey. Chichester: Wiley.Įuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2007). Sources of managerial and white collar stress. ![]()
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